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Cannabis and Mental Health

Below are some of the most common questions about cannabis use and its effect on mental health. 

What is Cannabis?

The term “cannabis” refers to the plants cannabis sativa and cannabis indica, both of which contain hundreds of chemical compounds. When talking about cannabis’s effect on health, we are most often referring to cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

  • CBD is not psychoactive and is usually derived from hemp, a cousin of cannabis. It is legal to some extent in all fifty states and is often sold as an oil or supplement. CBD has been promoted by companies and individuals as a treatment for chronic pain, insomnia, addiction, and anxiety, although these claims are not backed by the FDA. CBD’s only verified use is as an anti-seizure medication for forms of childhood epilepsy that do not respond to traditional medication.
  • THC is the psychoactive component of cannabis. Although medicinal and recreational cannabis use has been approved in dozens of states, it is tightly regulated and federally illegal. The medicinal uses of cannabis products containing THC include treatment of nerve pain, inflammation, chronic pain, epilepsy, nausea, glaucoma, irritable bowel syndrome, and Crohns’ disease. It is often used as a palliative measure for patients with conditions like HIV/AIDS, cancer, and Parkinson’s.

Recent research also suggests that cannabis may be a promising tool for patients with PTSD in the future. While cannabis appears to have many medicinal benefits, further research is needed to fully understand cannabis’s effects on various conditions.

Does Cannabis Positively Affect Mental Health?

Anecdotal reports of cannabis use suggest it could be helpful in alleviating symptoms such anxiety, depression, insomnia, and mania in some individuals; however, this has yet to be proven conclusively in scientific literature.

On the other hand, widespread studies have consistently shown a connection between heavy and/or long term cannabis use and negative psychiatric outcomes. These outcomes are especially stark for people at risk for psychosis or mood disorders.

Overall, more study is needed and caution should be taken when considering cannabis as a treatment for mental health concerns.

What are the Mental Health Risks of Cannabis Use?

Cannabis’s effect on mental health is complex and not fully understood.

Current research connects heavy cannabis use to an increased risk for an earlier onset of mood disorders (such as bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders (such as schizophrenia). Many studies also suggest a link between cannabis and higher rates of depression, anxiety, and panic attacks.

If you’re concerned about how cannabis may affect your health, it’s best to err on the side of caution and speak with your doctor.

Can Cannabis Help With Anxiety?

The question of whether or not cannabis can help with anxiety is a tricky one.

THC at low doses may provide anxiety relief for some individuals, but at higher doses it is likely to make anxiety much worse. On the other hand, CBD seems to have a positive impact on anxiety, even at high doses.

It’s important to remember that different strains of cannabis will have different effects and everyone responds differently. To be safe, higher doses of any strain of cannabis should generally be avoided when anxiety is a concern.

Can Cannabis Help With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

Recent studies show that THC and CBD use can lead to a decrease in certain PTSD symptoms.

Patients with PTSD who used cannabis in a clinical trial slept better, had fewer nightmares, and experienced lower anxiety and arousal. Because PTSD is often associated with higher rates of inflammation, cannabis’s anti-inflammatory properties can also help PTSD patients.

While these results are promising, more study is needed.

Does the Type of Cannabis Product Make a Difference When It Comes to Mental Health?

Different “strains” or “cultivars” of cannabis are bred to have different appearances, flavors, aromas, and physical and mental health effects. There are over 700 strains of cannabis, and they are often placed in three groups: sativa, indica, and hybrid – each of which has a different effect on the user.

The method of use may also alter its effects on the individual. Cannabis products come in forms that can be smoked, vaped, eaten, drunk, or even applied topically. Each of these forms offers a unique experience, altering both the potency and duration of effects.

Is Cannabis a Risk Factor for Psychosis?

Recent research has shown that heavy cannabis use in young individuals is associated with an increased risk of psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia. The data suggests that cannabis does not cause schizophrenia but can trigger psychotic symptoms in people who have a personal or family history of schizophrenia. In other words, cannabis may be a risk factor for those who are already vulnerable to a psychotic disorder.

If you’re concerned that cannabis may be affecting your mental health, contact a mental health professional.

What is Cannabis Use Disorder?

Much like alcohol, cannabis is a substance with potential for misuse. Cannabis use disorder is defined as the continued use of cannabis despite significant negative impact on a person’s life.

The CDC estimates that about 3 in 10 people who use cannabis have cannabis use disorder, and the risk is particularly high for people who start using cannabis as adolescents or frequently take high doses. This disorder may impact health, work, school, and relationships and is often characterized by risky behavior and a feeling of not being able to stop using cannabis.

If you’re concerned about your cannabis use, we’re here to help.

What are Treatments for Cannabis Use Disorder?

Treatment for cannabis use disorder includes behavioral therapy and medication. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a very effective tool for addressing difficult emotions and problematic behaviors. Medication may be used to manage the symptoms of cannabis withdrawal.

It’s also important to identify any underlying problems that may have contributed to disordered cannabis use, such as anxiety or chronic pain. These issues must be addressed in conjunction with the cannabis use disorder.